The Effects Of Drinking Alcohol During Pregnancy On...

months. The increased odds were the following: SGA (pooled aOR:1.51, 95% CI: 1.31-1.75), preterm (pooled aOR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.19-2.10) and infant mortality (pooled aOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.19-2.81 (Kozuki et al., 2013). -Smoking, alcohol or drug use: Women who smoke tobacco cigarettes have higher rates of preterm delivery and intrauterine growth restriction (Hammoud et al., 2005). Hammoud’s study of pregnant smokers found the odds ratio for intrauterine growth restriction was 2.4 (95% CI, 2.34-2.53), and the odds ratio for preterm delivery was 1.2 (95% CI, 1.13-1.28). The more cigarettes the women smoked per day, the higher the reductions in birth weight; −111 g, −175 g, and −236 g when women smoked 1 to 5, 6 to 10, and 10 cigarettes†¦show more content†¦A recent study from the United Kingdom found that women who use illicit drugs during pregnancy were significantly more likely to deliver preterm (aOR: 1.6, 95% CI, 1.3–2.1) and/or have a low birth weight infant (aOR:1.9, 95%CI, 1.4–2.6) (Black, Bhattacharya, Fairley, Campbell, Shetty, 2013). Further studies of the effects of independent illicit drugs on pregnancy also found that pregnant women who sm oked marijuana were more likely to have a LBW infant (RR:2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.2) and/or a SGA infant (RR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3-4.1) compared to nonusers (Hatch Bracken, 1986). A systematic review and meta-analysis of cocaine use in pregnancy also found it to be significantly associated with LBW (OR: 3.66; 95% CI, 2.90-4.63) and SGA (OR:3.23; 95% CI, 2.43-4.30) (Gouin, Murphy, Shah, Knowledge Synthesis group on Determinants of Low Birth Weight and Preterm Births, 2011). -Stress and Anxiety: Research into the role that stress or anxiety may play in instigating preterm birth is rather recent. In 2006, ACOG advocated for the assessing of psychosocial risk factors during perinatal screenings of all pregnant women regardless of social status, education, race or ethnicity (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Health Care for Undeserved Women, 2006) Latendresse touched upon the role of stress and anxiety in the Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health in 2009 while examining six previous studies (Latendresse, 2009). She outlined